SOCIETY

SOCIETY

The four-fold division of society became clear. The power of the brahmanas increased so much that they sometimes came into conflict with the rajanyas for supremacy. But when the two upper orders faced the lower order, they would make up their differences. However, the vaishyas, alongwith the brahmanas and rajanyas (or kshatriyas), were entitled to upanayana or investiture with the sacred thread. The shudras were deprived of this ceremony. Certain sections of artisans such as rathaJazras (chariot-makers) enjoyed a high status and were allowed upanayana.

In the family, father's power increased, and he could even disinherit his son. In princely families, the rule of primogeniture was being consolidated. Women's status deteriorated. The institution of gotra appeared; people began to practise gotra exogamy. Of the four ashramas or four stages of life, only three (brahmachari, grihastha and vanaprastha) are mentioned.